A. Title

Observation of Networks in Plants and Animals

B. Purpose

1. Knowing Embryonic Tissue in Plants and Animals

2. Differentiate the structure of plant and animal tissue

3. Knowing the Location of the Network

4. Know the Basic Network in Plants and Animals

5. Know the support network in plants and animals

C. Tools and Materials

D. Work Procedures 

E. Results of Observation

F. Results of Discussion

Based on the results of the observations we made, in the first experiment, which was the observation of plant and animal networks, in dicotyledonous plants. Permanent tissue is a tissue composed of adult cells that have been differentiated, but in certain circumstances can be meristematic again. Permanent tissue consists of protective tissue, basic tissue (parenchyma), reinforcing tissue, and transport tissue. For animals, there are two groups of tissue, namely seed tissue and body tissue. The seed network actively divides itself to produce new seeds. Body tissue includes epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. In the plant tissues that we observed in this practicum, there are several plant constituent tissues which are protective tissues (epidermis). fruit. In this practicum, almost all parts of the plants we observed have epidermis, only the roots of Amaranthus spinosus have epidermal tissue. Basic tissue (parenchyma), parenchyma tissue is a tissue formed from living cells, with varying morphological and physiological structures and still performing physiological processes. In this practicum, the basic network is only found on corn stalks.

      For observations on corn stalks, the parts that have been observed are in accordance with the existing literature, for corn roots, the parts that are in our experiment are lacking for the hairy layer, outer cortex fiber, and pericycle that should be there. For the observation on the stem of Zea mays is in accordance with the available literature. And for the observation of Amaranthus spinosus that can be seen in the observation, we only see the xylem and phloem parts. Because at the time of observation the preparation used broke. But actually on Zea mays. there is a part that shows the network of cortex, epidermis, xylem and phloem. For oryza sativa there are similarities with the literature between the networks, differences 

the form of the organizing network. However, there are slight differences due to unclear observation results.

      According to (Herliani. & Elsje. T. 2020). Plant tissue on the stem consists of several main layers that support the function and growth of the stem. The outermost part is the epidermis, which protects the stem from physical damage and water loss. Under the epidermis, there is a cortex that plays the role of storing food reserves. The next layer is the vascular network consisting of xylem and phloem. Xylem functions to transport water and minerals from the roots to all parts of the plant, while phloem transports the results of photosynthesis from leaves to the rest of the plant body. Between the xylem and the phloem there is a cambium, a meristematic network that produces new cells so that the stem can grow (secondary thickening).

DOCUMENTATION

A. Title

Observing the Shape of Human Blood Cells Through the Giemsa Staining Method

B. Purpose

1. Students Skilled in Making Blood Smears That Can Give a Clear Picture of the Forms of Blood Cells

C. Tools and Materials

D. Work Procedures

E. Observation Results

F. Discussion Results

      Based on the results of the observations made by the practitioner, in the first experiment, which is the observation of the shape of human blood cells through the gieamsa staining method using a 40 × 0.65 lens, the practitioner did not find results because the microscope was problematic so the practitioner did not find a clear picture. Then in the second observation result with the same lens, which is 40 × 0.65, the practitioner still did not find the result because there was too much Giemsa dripping. In the third observation with the 100 × 1.25 lens, the practitioner did not find results because the smear process was not perfect so it was difficult to get the blood cell type. However, in the observation of the fourth experiment with a 40 × 0.65 lens, the practitioner found the result of finding an image of red blood cells. After finding red blood cells, the practitioner still tried to get white blood cells but the practitioner did not find results so in this observation the practitioner only found one type of blood cell namely red blood cells.

DOCUMENTATION

Observation Under the Microscope

Red Blood Ladybug

A. Title

Observation of Organs and Organ Systems in Plants and Animals

B. Objectives

1. Explaining the Derivatives of Plant Organs

2. Explain the parts of roots in plants

3. Explain the parts of the stem in plants

4. Explain the parts of leaves on plants

5. Mention the parts of the reproductive organs in plants.

6. Explain the parts of Cyprinus carpio

7. Explain the parts of Oreochromis niloticus

C. Tools and Materials

D. Work Procedures

E. Observation Results

F. Discussion Results

      From the results of observations and measurements of plant organs, we can distinguish the parts of plant organs including the roots ( radix ), stems ( caulis ), leaves ( folium ), and flowers. In the Amaranthus spinosus plant, we conducted morphological observations and found that the Amaranthus spinosus plant has fibrous roots measuring 13.7 cm, has a stem of 44 cm, has a base of 4.7 cm, and has stamens. In the Zea mays plant, we conducted morphological observations and found that the Zea mays plant has fibrous roots measuring 19.2 cm, has a stem of 195.3 cm, has a leaf tip ( speks ) of 77 cm, and has stamens. In the Musa paradisiaca plant, we conducted morphological observations and found that the Musa paradisiaca plant has fibrous roots, has a stem of 13.7 cm , has a leaf tip ( speks ), and has pistils and stamens. In the Caesalpinia pulcherima plant , we conducted morphological observations and obtained the results that the Caesalpinia pulcherima plant has primary roots, a stem length ( internode ) of 62.3 cm, a base leaf length ( base ) of 1.2 cm, and has pistils and stamens.

       Plant anatomy is defined as a part of botany that studies the shape and structure of the internal parts of plants. Plant anatomy includes 3 (three) parts: These body organs include the anatomy of the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers (Malti, Ghosh, Kaushik, Ramasamy, Rajkumar, Vidyasagar. 2017).

      For observation on Fish We dissect it with a scalpel and carefully remove the inside. After that, we take the outside and inside to get certain parts. For the outside we take the tail, scales, eyes, dorsal fin, pelpic scales, and mouth. While the inside is like gills, gall, liver, and intestines.

DOCUMENTATION

A. Title

Analysis of Morphological Structure Differences in Bacteria and Fungi

B. Objectives of the Practical Work

1). For Bacterial Colony Morphology

2). To Study the Morphology of Fungal Colonies (Molds and Yeasts)

C. Tools and Materials

1). Tools

2). Materials

D. Work Procedures

a). Morphology of Bacterial Colonies

b). Morphology of Fungal Colonies

E. Observation Results

A.  Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

 B. Escherichia coli bacteria

C. Mushrooms

F. Discussion Results

     On Tuesday, October 15, 2024, we as representatives of each group conducted a pre-lab to make media for Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria. The materials we used were 150 ml of distilled water, 3 grams of NA, and 1 gram of powder. Previously, the equipment used was sterilized in laminar air flow. Then 150 ml of distilled water, 3 grams of NA, and 1 gram of powder were mixed in a sterilized Erlenmeyer flask. Then heated on a hot plate for 10 minutes at a temperature of 60 degrees. After that, the media made was sterilized in an autoclave at a temperature of 121 degrees for 15 minutes. After the media was sterilized, it was then put in laminar air flow. After that, it was put into the incubator and left for 1 x 24 hours.

      On Wednesday, October 16, we counted Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria that we had made on Tuesday, October 12, 2024, which we left for 1x24 hours. Where we got the number of Escherichia Coli bacteria as many as 78, and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria as many as 645 which were counted using a colony counter tool. The first step taken by the practicum on fungal morphology was to take a sample of fungus on bread using tweezers, which was then placed on a glass slide that had been sterilized using alcohol, after which the sample was dripped with giemsa dye solution, which was then solidified using a cover glass and then observed under a microscope.

According to Syaifuddin (2017) Bread damage is generally caused by the growth of mold, namely Aspergillus Flavus and Rhizopus sp. Some molds can produce aflatoxins which are harmful to humans. One of the mold species that has detrimental properties is Aspergillus Flavus. Aspergillus Flavus mold is the main mold that produces mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins. Aflatoxins are toxins derived from fungi that are known to be deadly and carcinogenic to humans. High aflatoxin content in food can cause poisoning.

According to Mugiono (2015) Yeast is a unicellular fungus that some types are used in making bread or fermentation of alcoholic beverages. Even yeast is used for the manufacture of biological fuel cells, the most commonly used yeast is sacchoromycos cerevisiae which is used for the production of wine, bread, and beer in the form of yeast.

DOCUMENTATION

Observation of Fungal Colony Morphology under a Microscope

Counting the Number of Bacteria Using a Colony Counter

A. Title

Simulation of Mendel's Law Experiment Using Genetic Buttons in Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses

B. Objectives of the Practical Work

1. Define the terms gene, locus, genotype, phenotype, genome, dominant, and recessive.

2. Making crosses with one different trait (monohybrid)

3. Making a cross with two different traits (dihybrid)

C. Tools and Materials

1) Lab Coat Pocket

2) Genetic Button (Gene Model)

D. Work Procedures

a). Monohybrid

b). Dihybrid

E. Observation Results

1.  Monohybrid

2. Dihybrid

F. Discussion Results

1. Monohybrid Cross

      Monohybrid crossing is a crossing of two individuals with a focus on two different traits. In this experiment, we conducted a monohybrid crossing using genetic buttons (gene models) by crossing red flowers and blue flowers in order to prove Mendel's first law. Red flowers (MM) are dominant, symbolized by the red genetic button, and white flowers (mm) are recessive, symbolized by the white genetic button. Crossing between red buttons (MM) and white buttons (mm) resulted in F1 which was red (Mm) because the red button was dominant. F1 was crossed with each other, three types of phenotypes were obtained, namely red-red, red-white, and white-white. With genotypes for red (MM), red-white (Mm), and white-white (mm). According to Mendel's law of comparison, the phenotype ratio for monohybrid crossing is 3: 1. Based on the results of the experiments we conducted, for taking 8x the data obtained were for red as much as 2x, red-white as much as 4x, and for white as much as 2x. so that a ratio of 2:4:2 is obtained which is close to the ratio of 1:1:1 or 2:1. These results do not match the results of Mendel's experiments and are a deviation from Mendel's first law. These deviations are only apparent deviations due to the influence of the dominance of a trait, in this case the color red. From the results of the chis-square calculations that we did, we got the results of the monohybrid cross there was no difference (Ho) because Ho was acceptable, based on the value of the calculation table, the value was smaller than the chi-square, which was 1.1, while from the chi-square table it was 3.84. 

2. Dihybrid Crossing

      Dihybrid crossing is a crossing of two different traits. In dihybrid crossing we try to cross two different traits, namely color and shape. Where the colors are Red and Yellow, while the shapes are round and oval. In dihybrid crossing, the red genetic button is red, the yellow genetic button remains yellow, the green genetic button is round while the black genetic button is oval in shape with the intention of proving Mendel's second law experiment with a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. In this experiment, the phenotypes produced after the crossing were red-round, red-oval, yellow-round, and yellow-oval. With a genotype ratio of 16: 6: 10: 15 or 3: 1: 2: 3. The results obtained are not in accordance with Mendel's second law. It is possible to get the right results if you do the experiment several times. The results of the dihybrid cross that we conducted obtained the results of the dihybrid cross, there was a difference (H1), because H1 cannot be accepted, because based on the calculation table the value of 45.6 is greater than the chi-square of 7.82.

DOCUMENTATION

Monohybrid Genetic Buttons

Dihybrid Genetic Buttons